Introduction to Game Theory Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Game Theory Essay Nobel Prize Citation, 1994: Game theory is a mathematical method for analysing strategic interaction. Problem What is strategic interaction? (Singapore Management University) Introduction to Game Theory Fall 2012 2 / 18 An Example of a Game | Flat Tire Two SMU students, Al and Bob, very con dent about their midterm exam performance in ECON 206, decided to attend a party the weekend before the nal exam. The party was so good that they overslept the whole Sunday. Instead of taking the nal unprepared on Monday, they pleaded the professor to give them a make-up exam. Their excuse was a at tire without a spare and any help. The professor, surprisingly, agreed. On Tuesday morning, the professor placed them in separated rooms and handed them the test. The test had just one question: Which tire? (Singapore Management University) Introduction to Game Theory Fall 2012 3 / 18 The GPA Rat Race All of you are now enrolled in ECON 206 that will be graded on a curve. No matter how well you do in absolute terms, only 33. 3% of the students will get As, and only 33. 3% of the students will get Bs. Therefore, you must work hard, not just in absolute terms, but relative to how hard your classmates work. All of you are smart enough to recognize this, and after the rst lecture you all hold a secrete meeting where all of you agree not to work too hard. What will happen in the end? (Singapore Management University) Introduction to Game Theory Fall 2012 4 / 18 Why Are Professors So Mean? Many professors have rigid rules not to give makeup exams and NEVER to accept late homework assignments. Students might think the professors are so hardhearted to behave in this way. The truth is. Most professors are actually very kindhearted (for example. ) They are willing to give their students every reasonable break and accept every reasonable excuse But most professors also know that this is a slippery slope (for example, ) | if they set very exible rules, what may happen? (Singapore Management University) Introduction to Game Theory Fall 2012 5 / 18 Another Example | Strategic Interactions vs. Individual Decision Problems Underlying story: two students (Alice and Bob) are taking a course together. There are three e ort levels for each student: work hard (utility = 5), work sometimes (utility = 2), shirk (utility = 0). Consider the following two grade schemes. Grade Scheme A: A students nal grade only depends on her own e ort level | if a student works hard, she will get an A for sure (utility = 10); if she works sometimes, she will get a passing grade (utility = 5); while if the student shirks, she will fail the course for sure (utility = 0). Individual Decision Problem E ort Level Utility Disutility Net Work Hard 10 5 Work Sometimes 5 2 Shirk 0 0 (Singapore Management University)

A Community for Everyone :: Internet Cyberspace Web Essays

A Community for Everyone The Net is not one thing. Its like asking: Are women comfortable in bars? Thatss a silly question. Which woman? Which bar?(171). Amy Bruckman, founder of MediaMoo, a virtual community using text, compares Internet communities with bars. She talks about how different people are comfortable in different bars just as certain people are interested in certain online communities. Just because one person does not like one bar does not mean that the bar should be shut down. That person should simply not go to that particular bar. He or she should find another bar. In Finding Ones Own in Cyberspace, Amy Bruckman proves that the Internet does offer or can possibly offer an online community that can fit anyones needs. Diversity is the internets greatest strength. Communities can be as exclusive online as they are in real life. Anyone can have an effect on his or her community, whether by starting a community up or just by having an input. Anyone can find a community online. To start off, the in ternets greatest asset is its diversity. A person can find just about anything he or she wants on the Net, including an accepting community. The internet is unbelievably vast and diverse. It may take a little time but Bruckman argues, If you keep an open mind, however, you may come across something good(172). As will be gone into later, people need to stop focusing on the negatives and concentrate on the positive aspects and possibilities in order to appreciate what the internet has to offer. Now, finding a particular Website should be becoming simpler than ever. With new online architecture, it is becoming more and more easy to find these sites: Depending on choice of background color and texture, type styles, and special fade-in effects, for instance, a Web page can feel playful or gloomy, futuristic or old-fashioned, serious or fun, grown-up or child-centered(178). Online communities are making it simple to identify with them. In some cases, a person would not even have to read t he text in order to know if he or she has found the community he or she is looking for. He or she would just need to look at background or images. For instance, if someone were looking for information on soccer, the website would show a picture of a soccer ball and the person would immediately know that the website is soccer related.

Parker Pen

Parker Pen: An Adventure in Globalization pg. 547 1. -This is the history of the failure of an international marketing strategy. Which were the reasons? Analyze the 4 P’s. (Price, Product, Place, Promotion) Being one of the largest pen industries in the world, Parker Pen was a failure for having international marketing strategy. This is due to the fact that Parker wanted its products to fall under the concept of standardization. He called this the â€Å"Janesville strategy†. Under promotion, Parker Pen wanted his pens to follow the mission of â€Å"one look, one voice†, meaning all Parker products would be sold and re-produced the same way in all countries the company would make partnership with overseas. As a result, all packaging and advertising would mirror the original Parker Pens in all participating countries. The problems which would arise from this is that standardization may not cater to different countries, who may have an interest for specific supply of pens. For example, locations such as France and Italy are fond of expensive fountain pens. Consequently, promotion strategies would lead to the decisions with regards to the distribution of products. Parker wanted all his pens to focus on a common positioning, which meant that the same types of pens would be allocated to its specified locations. The problem here is that the target markets values and interests are different across different markets, and cannot be dealt with similarly. Parker failed to realize that that you cannot use the same tactics on all individuals because each individual is unique in their own way. On the same note, this reduces the level of customization and personal preference. This also reduces customer consideration and individuals do not feel there is a sense of providing customer satisfaction. For the product, Parker pens lose its value in the pen industry for providing individuals with the writing instruments they need and have a value in. The Janesville strategy was a failure also due to the fact of pricing barriers. As stated in the article, Parker produced low-cost pens, which were not functional and were unable to do what they were intended to do. Leading up to this was a large controversy on the goodwill of the company in comparison to their actual products. Parker pen was a known as a company of quality, yet with this new global strategy, they failed to reduce costs yet at the same time satisfy the needs of customers. 2. -What role do people play in implementing any strategic decision? Analyze the role of Mr. Peterson, Mr. Smith and Mr. Parker. During the crisis of Parker pen, there were many roles being played. Mr. Peterson worked at reducing costs by laying off employees to reducing the product line to 100. He believed that entering into the global industry, it would require a single â€Å"world class agency†. Both Mr. Peterson and Mr. Smith decided that Parker pens needed to target the low-end of the market, meaning low cost pens would need to be produced. This would also result in the pens being in lower quality and standards than the original Parker pens. Mr. Smith, being promoted as the new president of the Parker pen company, planned to develop the Vector on the high scale and a disposable pen named the Itala on the low scale. Mr. Smith wanted Parker pens to take on markets of the pen industry that has never been done by any other company before. He decided that this would be the success of the company in entering into the global markets. For the company, this was a large risk as green ventures are unknown are this may cause a large fall in profits and sales. Mr. Smith also researched on the sales of Parker pens and discovered that the company had only a small share in the pen industry as most of its profits were coming from pens selling for less than three dollars. Mr. Smith decided that a change was needed, therefore pushed for the promotion of high scale to low scale products. Under the management of Mr. Peterson and Mr. Smith, 400 company managers were trained to market Parker products the same way in all locations. On the other hand, Mr. Parker was a believer of new product development, turning Parker pens into a company producing over 500 lines of products. His thoughts on the development of the global market were contrary to the ideas of Mr. Peterson and Mr. Smith. 3. -Was it a good idea for Parker Pen to produce and sell a wide range of pens from high-cost to low-cost? Why? It was not a good alternative for Parker Pen to produce and sell pens ranging from high-cost to low-cost. Parker pens are known for the quality in writing instruments and changing their production process by purchasing reduced quality materials will diminish the goodwill of the company. The first decision of determining if a company should globalize consist of the following items: knowing the company and its strength and weaknesses, knowing the product and its selling points, knowing the home market, knowing the target market and its background, and being able to leaves one’s predetermined values, beliefs, and propositions. There are many factors that need to be taken into consideration. Contrarily, the concept of having a wide range of products can be a success if adequate research was done to understand each markets’ values. In low growth developing countries, the most viable option may be to sell low cost pens because individuals may not have the ability to afford prestigious ones. 4. -If customers from different places are buying similar products, do you think it is possible to approach different markets with the same advertising theme? Why? Customers from different places may have values in buying similar products, but it is not possible to approach different markets with the same advertising theme. The reason for this is that you need to custom to each market. You need to change your advertising strategies according to the values of that particular location. For example, some locations may want to feel a personal message directed towards them in order to attract them while others may want advertising to be assertive and straightforward without any underlying messages. By assisting distribution to extensive research, Parker Pens can gain a larger understanding of each markets’ needs when dealing with promotional planning and marketing strategies. In other words, Parker Pen took on the concept of Ethnocentrism and Geocentrism, which means that the use of strategies are the same for all countries worldwide as it is in the home country. This may be both beneficial and detrimental for a company’s marketing process. Looking at standardization versus adaptation, a potential starting point for Parker Pen could be standardization; however, a company must also know when to make a change. Subsequently, adaption and modification of products would need to be implemented in order to maintain brand recognition in a global society. 5. -Which had been your recommendation for the international marketing plan of Parker Pen in 1982? Since Parker pens was previously established as an industry of high quality writing instruments. With a product line of 500, the company should have done more research and evaluation of each international target market before pushing their products into that particular country. Since Parker Pen is a company of no direct foreign marketing, in determining which products should be distributed can be handed to an expert and advisor who will perform that research. Market selection is done using secondary data from previous companies who may have been successful in international markets. Another option is to use precedence to determine whether the company will survive in the global industry. In the Strategic Decisions in International Expansion model, Parker Pen did not go through the decisions of determining whether the company was export ready and what modes of entry the company would enter by. There was a lack of strategy implemented on the marketing mix and how the company were to distribute their resources. For Parker Pen, there was an overuse of self-reference criterion, where both Mr. Peterson and Mr. Smith believed that a high volume of low-costing pens would perform well in locations overseas. This was a failure to realize differences and be able to put down one’s own values and accept the values of customers and the target market. Consequently, there was a lack of evaluation and knowing thy target. Segmentation variables are those that involve the demographics of each individual. In high developing countries, there may be a larger group of young individuals who are looking for affordable working pens to get them through the day at school, while in high business and technology based environments, individuals may value higher-priced pens because it produces an image of respect and status.

Examples of Plural Tantum in English

Plurale tantum is a  noun that appears only in the plural and doesnt ordinarily have a singular form (for example, jeans, pajamas, tweezers, shears, and scissors). Also known as a lexical plural. Plural:  pluralia tantum. Jeans, scissors, trousers, and glasses are great examples of plural tantum  nouns in the English language. Singular Tantum A noun that appears only in the singular form--such as dirt--is known as singulare tantum. Etymology of Plural Tantum Latin  for plural only Examples and Observations Richard Lederer [in Crazy English, 1990] asks, Doesnt it seem just a little loopy that we can make amends but never just one amend; that no matter how carefully we comb through the annals of history, we can never discover just one annal; that we can never pull a shenanigan, be in a doldrum, or get a jitter, a willy, a delerium tremen, a jimjam, or a heebie-jeebie? Lederer is alluding to pluralia tantum: Nouns that are always plural. Because they are not the result of pluralizing a singular, the complete plural form, -s and all, has to be stored in memory. Pluralia tantum in a sense are irregular regulars, and indeed they are happy to appear inside compounds: almsgiver (not almgiver), arms race (not arm race), blues rocker (not blue rocker), clothesbrush, Humanities department, jeans maker, newsmaker, oddsmaker, painstaking.(Steven Pinker, Words and Rules. Basic Books, 1999) Items of Clothing Lets take a look at other pluralia tantum in the pants/trousers family:(Mark Liberman, Language Log, Feb. 15, 2007) Outergarments: pants (orig. pantaloons), trousers, slacks, breeches/britches, bloomers, jeans, dungarees, bell bottoms, chinos, tights, shorts, trunks, Bermudas (extended to brand names: Levis, 501s, Wranglers, Calvins)Undergarments: underpants, long johns, skivvies, drawers, panties, knickers, boxers, briefs, undies, tighty-whities (extended to brand names: BVDs, Fruit of the Looms, Jockeys) How to Turn Lexical Plurals Into Count Nouns Nouns for articles of dress consisting of two parts are also treated as plural: [A] Where ​are my trousers?[B] They are in the bedroom where you put them. But such plural nouns can be turned into ordinary count nouns by means of a pair of or pairs of: I need to buy a new pair of trousers.How many pairs of blue jeans do you have? (Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik, A Communicative Grammar of English, 3rd ed. Routledge, 2013) Lexical Concepts, Not Linguistic Classes The definitional property of having no singular turns out to be shallow and sometimes accidental, often (as in English) practically impossible to define and circumscribe. The state of affairs resembles the status of the mass-count distinction. . . . While they remain necessary as descriptive concepts, mass and count cannot be defined as grammatical properties of lexical items outside of a context, as Borer (2005) cogently shows. In the same way, I think, pluralia and singularia tantum are indispensable descriptive concepts, but they are not genuine linguistic classes. Therefore, we cannot build a notion of lexical plurals around that of pluralia tantum.(Paolo Acquaviva, Lexical Plurals: A Morphosemantic Approach. Oxford University Press, 2008)

Toddlers and Tiaras Essay - 1135 Words

When I hear the word toddler I think of little girls walking around in mommy’s shoes, and miss matched clothing (because she’s getting to the age where she likes to dress herself.) And of course a cute smile that’s missing a few teeth. The word glitz, glamour and sashes don’t come to mind. Nor does the image of a little girl who’s fake from head to toe. Wearing wigs, flippers (fake teeth), inappropriate /reveling attire and fake tans. I don’t think of little girls dancing around a stage in front of hundreds of people getting judged on their â€Å"beauty.† Well, that is exactly what children’s pageants consist of. Pageants exploit a child for their outer beauty, their talents and over all perfection or as pageant judges would call it having† the†¦show more content†¦Many express that they find the outfits to be too revealing. Morgan’s father said the outfit his wife made for their daughter looked like a domi natrix outfit. The fathers tend to just stay uninvolved and I don’t blame them. Look at all the pedophiles and kidnappings that occur. And has everyone forgot about John Benent Ramsey’s horror story? She was a child in pageants who was murdered and sexually abused at the young age of six. How don’t these parents feel that they are potentially putting their child in life danger? Many pageant parents say that doing pageants help their child’s self esteem. How does not winning the beauty pageant boast a child’s self esteem? In fact many children start to cry after not winning a crown. Some even say they feel guilty or like they have let their parents down. The parents also get upset if their child loses. One mother admitted that after hearing her daughter won overall princess instead of overall queen, she stormed out, threw the crown on the ground and ran over it. I bet that did wonders for her child’s self esteem and taught her self-discipline (Lets not forget the crown was her daughters, and not hers to smash.) Not only do these children feel bad after not winning a crown but they are also being sent a very bad message. They are being taught that beauty is everything, and the more crowns you have the more beautiful you are. This is only going to hurt them when they get older and forced to realize nobody’s perfect, and looksShow Mo reRelatedToddlers and Tiaras907 Words   |  4 PagesBeing born a man or a woman in todays society is more than a simple biological fact. It’s a biological fact that harvests social consequences. From delivery, gender is assigned to males and females in life binding forms by way of blue or pink. Gender is the social construct of what we know biologically as male or female, but masculinity and femininity is how the two roles are played out in society. Our role as feminine and masculine are institutionalized through social interaction and is perpetuatedRead MoreToddlers and Tiaras Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesToddlers and Tiaras Essay Every once in a while when I am channel surfing I run across a show called Toddlers and Tiaras. This show is a TLC hit reality show that follows children who are beauty contestants to beauty pageants. What I feel the show is really about are beauty pageant moms who put their daughters on this very harmful and destructive show that caters to mom’s and sometimes dad’s who are hungering for perceived excitement missing from their own lives. I feel that these children sometimesRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Toddlers And Tiaras740 Words   |  3 PagesHave you ever seen a toddler beauty pageant? These events began in the 1960’s and have been corrupting toddlers ever since. If you have ever seen TLC’s show Toddlers Tiaras you know exactly what I am talking about. To become â€Å"beauty pageant material† these children have to go through intense makeovers and training including spray tans, flippers (fake teeth), teased hair, a face full of makeup, etc , all while they are screaming their heads off. When the toddlers are finally made up they look moreRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Beauty Pageants758 Words   |  4 Pages You have to have the barbie look.† a mom on Toddlers and Tiaras said. Now available to children, around 250,000 girls compete in beauty pageants each year. These pageants have had damaging consequences on them. Child beauty pageants need to be banned because they sexualize young girls, put too much pressure on them to win, and lead them to focus too much on beauty. Girls are sexualized in beauty pageants at a very young age. On Toddlers and Tiaras, girls are shown in ‘sexy’ costumes, showingRead MoreEssay about Beauty Pageant Problems967 Words   |  4 Pagestelevision show Toddlers Tiaras? Toddlers Tiaras is a show about the glitz of the pageant world that little girls are more than likely forced, by their parents, to participate in. It is mandatory for them to have fake tans, fake eye lashes, fake teeth, and a ridiculous amount of make-up. Not to mention the unsuitable outfits these girls’ parents vow that they wear. Beauty pageants exploit little girls and attract sexual predators. Beauty pageants, such as, Toddlers Tiaras have ludicrous rulesRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Into the Wild Book and Movie811 Words   |  4 Pageswatching Toddlers and Tiaras. How can a mother let their young daughters go on national television dressed in skimpy outfits for the world to see? I don’t know who at fault the most the parents or TLC, the television network that broadcast the program. Defenders of child beauty pageants argue that pageants are harmless fun and that they teach self-confidence and poise to young girls (Child Beauty Pageants). If pageants are meant to teach self-confidence then why does Toddlers and Tiaras and manyRead MoreAnalysis Of Skip Hollandsworth s Toddlers 856 Words   |  4 PagesThe article â€Å"Toddlers in Tiaras† by Skip Hollandsworth discusses the beauty pageant industry and its harmful effects in the young girls who participate. He gives many examples of beauty pageant contestants. He describes their appearances and attitudes which seem to match those of adult women. Specifically, he refers to 6-year-old Eden Wood who is commonly known from the reality television show Toddlers Tiaras. The author describes how Eden’s personal stylist does her hair, makeup, and touches upRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Child Beauty Pageants Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Beauty pageants have been around in America for decades ; however, they have not gained notoriety until the show Toddlers and Tiaras aired on national television. The airing of Toddlers and Tiaras has brought child pageants to the attention of many Americans. Not many people were aware of what took place in beauty pageants, but ever since the show debuted in 2009 there has been an intense controversy about children as young as newborns being entered into pageants. Some people say that pageantsRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Beauty Pageants814 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty contests for women have always been popular around the world, but in recent years child pageants have become more successful. This success led to the production of the well-known show, Toddlers and Tiaras. Beauty pageants have now evolved and even include newborn babies. Contestants are not only rewarded with a title, but also receive cash prices. These rewards and fame without a doubt attract parents into the world of beauty pageants. Children who are involved in beaut y pageants are perceivedRead MoreEssay on The Advantages and Disadvantages of Child Beauty Pageants1345 Words   |  6 Pagesto young children because it increases the chance of skin cancer, but put them in a tanning booth with UV Ray bulbs and the risk of skin cancer is tremendously increased. The last form of tanning is one depicted many times on TLC’s hit show Toddlers and Tiaras is the spray tan. Spray-tan contains a chemical known as dihydroxyacetone, which can cause skin irritation, hair follicle irritation, and lung irritation if inhaled (â€Å"Health†). Another major negative effect of beauty pageants is the sexualizing

Cardiovascular Disease ( Cvd ), High Blood Pressure,...

This literature review will cover 20 different articles and journals pertaining to cardiovascular disease (CVD), high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, hypertension and other coronary heart disease among the Muslim community. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the decreasing of blood flow due to condensing and toughening of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscles. A recent study found that every 33 seconds, there are death from CVD in the United States (ARA, 2004). The main problems associated with CVD among Muslim American adult men population in the Southeast Bronx are diet issues, high blood pressure, lack of enough information about CVD, lack of physical activities, and â€Å"halal† (not prohibited in Islam) medications. To date no research has been conducted on this population with regards to cardiovascular diseases. The population is increasing and healthcare professionals need to become educated on cultural competent approaches for this population. Healthcare professionals need to increase their knowledge about the Islamic religion (Yosef et. al. 2008). Information from the previous studies concerning this population, Muslim Americans is limited. The purpose of this research is to examine CVD risk factors among Muslim American adult men and their perceived risk in the Southeast Bronx. The Muslim world is classified by the WHO as low socioeconomic or underdeveloped or named as Low and Middle Income countries (LMIC). In terms of Muslim menShow MoreRelatedGlobal Widespread Cardiovascular Disease ( Cvd )2110 Words   |  9 Pagesexpand the topic discussion of global widespread cardiovascular disease (CVD) that affects various populations low-, middle- or high- income countries; as well as the consequences that epidemiology has had on the various populations specified in the multiple regions of the globe. With an implication of the link between cardiovascular disease and Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), ethical issues that may affect clinical trials, and the effect such diseases have on hospital administrations. FrequentlyRead MoreHealth Care Needs Of The World s Population Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesCommunicable Diseases (NCD), such as diabetes, cancer, depression and heart disease, are rapidly replacing infectious diseases and malnutrition as the leading causes of morbidity mortality. Men and women are equally affected. Cancer, Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) and diabetes are becoming of serious concern, accounting for 52 % of deaths and 38 per % of disease burden in the South East Asia Region as reported by World Health Organization (WHO). With the current trends, the top five causes of high morbidityRead MoreObstructive Sleep Apnea ( Osa )1220 Words   |  5 Pagescessation for periods of ten seconds or more (apnea) or significant reductions in breathing amplitude (hypopnea) caused by a collapsed or obstructed airway; these two conditions can lead to hypoxemia (low levels of oxygen in blood) and hypercapnia (high levels of carbon dioxide in blood). Patients are categorized as having mild, moderate or severe OSA depending on the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), which is defined as the total numbers of apnea/hypopnea episodes per hour of sleep. In normal individuals theRead MoreWhat Is Cardio Vascular Disease?1938 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is cardio vascular disease? According to the American Heart Association, cardio vascular disease is also called heart disease and it includes numerous problems related to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition that occurs as plaque or fatty deposit builds up in the walls of the arteries and as the buildup narrows the arteries, it becomes harder for blood to flow through and causes a heart attack. This severe disease is one of the leading cause of death and disability among the elderlyRead MoreLiterature Review : High Blood Pressure1107 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review High blood pressure, also known as Hypertension (HTN), is the most predominant culprit to global morbidity and mortality. Its prevalence varies with age, race, lifestyle, family history, obesity, stress, environment and certain chronic conditions. Although there is a decrement cases noted over the last decades, the prevalence in children and older adults has significantly increased in both developed and developing countries, hence, constitute an alarming public health concernRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Obesity And Obesity2398 Words   |  10 Pagesmillion people, approximately 14 percent of the U.S. population, identified themselves as black or African American. African American (AA) experience higher prevalence of many diseases, disability, death, and injury (cdc 1). It is observed that AA females are more likely to suffer from obesity, diabetes and heart diseases more than their White counterparts. Among AA females aged 2–19 years old, 24% are considered obese compared to 14% whites. A similar pattern was reported among women older thanRead MoreThe Impact of Diet on the Person ´s Health and Wellbeing Essay3168 Words   |  13 Pagesthe person’s health and wellbeing, and cardiovascular disease prevention is no exception (World Heart Federation (WHF), 2014). CVD management acquired the prime attention not only due to the high prevalence only, but also for the overlap risk factors with other non-communicable dieses REFERANCE. Cardiovascular dieses (CVD) includes all disease that affect the heart and blood vessels such as coronary heart dieses (CHD), stroke and peripheral vascular disease (Thomas, Bishop, British Diabetic AssociationRead MoreEssay on Effectivity of Personalized Classes1857 Words   |  8 Pagesgroups in the reduction of sodium content in the diet, with the goal of voluntary sodium reduction and the effect in blood pressure level in the Hispanic adult population. Problem Statement: The ethnic groups of Hispanics are the largest minority in United States, representing 15 % of the total US census, and 25 % of the adults in this ethnic group have cardiovascular diseases (CVD). According to the National Health and Nutrition survey, American adults consume an average of 3531 mg of sodium inRead MoreHypertension: The Risks for High Blood Pressure Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesto prevent hypertension. Hypertension is a common cardiovascular disease (Hoeger, 2009, p. 334). Hypertension is also referred to as â€Å"high blood pressure†. Blood pressure is a measurement of the force put on the walls of the arteries by the blood (About High Blood Pressure, 2011). The higher the pressure put on the walls of the arteries when the heart pumps the higher then individuals blood pressure will be. The pressure of the blood maybe be high (hypertensive) because of plaque build-up in the arteriesRead MoreThe Diagnosis Of Heart Disease1805 Words   |  8 PagesDIAGNOSIS OF HEART DISEASE Data mining as it has been established is simply a way of getting hidden knowledge or information from data, the technique(s) employed search for concurrency, relationships, and outliers in this data that they present as knowledge [4]. This knowledge can then be used in different applications. Prediction is one of the ways that the hidden knowledge gotten from the data can be used. The main aim is to use a large number of past values to consider probable future [9]. Heart disease

Gantt Chart Using Excel Free Essays

string(81) " bar with a left-click, and then open its Object Properties after a right click\." Project-Management with Gantt-Charts OpenOffice. org 2. 0 Calc [Projekt-Management und Gantt-Diagramm mit OpenOffice. We will write a custom essay sample on Gantt Chart Using Excel or any similar topic only for you Order Now org 2. 0 Calc and Comment creer un diagramme de Gantt avec OpenOffice. org] [1. 1] First editions: [2005-06-06 and 2003-01-03] First English edition: [2005-11-09] Contents Contents Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Copyright and trademark information†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Feedback†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Acknowledgments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Modifications and updates†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Starting the Process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Using the chart as a graphic in other applications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 About the macro†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 Example: Planning a relocation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 Controlling the Project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 Public Documentation License, Version 1. 0†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 Project-Management with Gantt-Charts iii Copyright and trademark information Copyright and trademark information The contents of this Documentation are subject to the Public Documentation License, Version 1. 0 (the â€Å"License†); you may only use this Documentation if you comply with the terms of this License. A copy of the License is available at: http://www. openoffice. org/licenses/PDL. rtf The Original Documentation is â€Å"Comment creer un diagramme de Gantt avec OpenOffice. org†. The Initial Writer of the Original Documentation is Serge LE LOUARNE Copyright  ©2003. All Rights Reserved. (Initial Writer contact(s): serge. le_louarne@tiscali. fr. Contributor(s): DIETMAR HILLER Portions created by DIETMAR HILLER are Copyright  © 2005. All Rights Reserved. (Contributor contact(s): hillerd@tiscali. de. Contributor(s): G. Roderick Singleton. Portions created by G. Roderick Singleton are Copyright  ©2005. All Rights Reserved. (Contributor contact(s):grsingleton@openoffice. org . Portions created by ______ are Copyright  ©_________[insert year(s)]. All Rights Reserved. (Contributor contact(s):________________[insert hyperlink/alias]). All trademarks within this guide belong to legitimate owners. [Note: a copy of the PDL is included in this template and is also available at: http://www. openoffice. org/licenses/PDL. rtf. ] Feedback Please direct any comments or suggestions about this document to: grsingleton@openoffice. org Acknowledgments I wish to thank every member of the German and French Native Language Communities who are not mentioned but contributed to my being able to provide a translation. To S. Schneider for fixing my errors and grammar. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts ii Copyright and trademark information Modifications and updates Version [1. 0] [1. 1] Date [2005-11-09] [2005-11-12] Description of Change [grs: Initial edition issued for comment] [ss: Proofed edition issued for publication] Project-Management with Gantt-Charts ii Overview Overview Gantt Charts are a way to graphically show progress of a project. Management of a project is made easier if it is viewed as small manageable items where the dependencies are visually illustrated, parallel processes are discovered, the overall processing time determined and progress tracked. The tasks of a project can be quite complex and dependent on each other. With a project management tool, such as a Gantt chart,all subtasks of a task can be viewed graphically. In this document a relocation-process to another city is used for all examples and is based upon the accompanying Calc template, . jm_template_english. ots which may be downloaded from http://documentation. openoffice. org/HOW_TO/ Relocation DD to M House-hunting Cancel apartment DD Cancel banking’s order New leasing contract Organise relocation Send out new address Forwarding request Relocation Registration office Furnish the flat Reregister car Open an account Move bank account Relocation completed 01/04/05 01/05/05 31/05/05 01/07/05 31/07/05 31/08/05 30/09/05 Undone Done Start Illustration 1: The finished example In illustration 1, the subtasks of the relocation-process appear on the y-axis, and the time line on the x-axis. The bars show when a task should start and when it will be finished. Blue bars show tasks which have been completed. Yellow bars show work which still must be done. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 5 Starting the Process Starting the Process To chart a project, all the sub-tasks must first be collected in a spreadsheet. In this simple example there is the name of the task, the start-date and the duration in calendar days: Illustration 2: Task list This simplified project consists of eight subtasks â€Å"Task 1† to â€Å"Task 8†. Next, begin creating the chart by selecting Insert—Chart: Illustration 3: Create the chart From the dialogue â€Å"AutoFormat Chart† define the selection range. Neither the first row (containing the column label) nor the first column (containing the task name) should be included as data. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 2 Starting the Process Click â€Å"Next ;;† , and choose the Chart type: Illustration 4: Choose chart type Choose the horizontal bar-chart and click â€Å"Columns† to indicate that the data are arranged in columnar form. Note: This changes the assignment of the axis in OpenOffice. org Calc. Now the horizontal axis is called â€Å"Y† and the vertical axis is called â€Å"X†. Click â€Å"Next ;;† and choose the variant â€Å"Stacked†: Illustration 5: Create chart with stacked bars Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 3 Starting the Process Click â€Å"Next ;;† once again and enter chart and axis titles: Illustration 6: Adapt chart labeling The first Gantt Chart appears as follows: Illustration 7: Bar chart The task names are on the vertical axis (â€Å"Task 1† to â€Å"Task 8†) and the time line is on the horizontal axis. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 4 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart In order to edit the properties of an element in the diagram,. double-click the chart to select it. Next, right-click to open the context menu and gain access to the chart properties: Illustration 8: Edit diagram properties Note: Ensure that no element in the diagram is selected, because otherwise the axis-properties can not be edited Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 5 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart Select the y-axis, which now is the horizontal time line. (One could also select the horizontal axis using a left-click then right-click to open the context menu and finally choose Object Properties †¦ to format this axis. ) Set the Minimum to the real start-date, In this example this is 01/01/05. Furthermore the axis should get the start date, so check the checkbox â€Å"Automatic† in the line â€Å"Axis at†: Illustration 9: Adjust the time line This produces a chart as follows: Illustration 10: Gantt chart Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 6 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart The orange bar symbolizes the time up to the start of the task. This bar should be made invisible. For this select the orange bar with a left-click, and then open its Object Properties after a right click. You read "Gantt Chart Using Excel" in category "Essay examples" Under the tab â€Å"Borders† choose Style – Invisible, and under the tab â€Å"Area† choose Fill – None. Now the chart presents itself as follows: Illustration 11: The completed Gantt chart Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 7 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 8 Using the chart as a graphic in other applications Using the chart as a graphic in other applications To use the Gantt-chart as a picture in another application, save the whole Calc document as HTML. This generates not only the HTML-file, but also a jpeg-file containing the chart which can then be included in other documents, such as anOpenOffice. org impress presentation. Remember to give the graphic a more descriptive name than, the the name suggested when the document is exported to HTML so that it can be found easily later Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 9 Using the chart as a graphic in other applications Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 10 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Extending Gantt charting for Project Management In order to manage a project, still more information is needed. The progress of any task should be tracked as a percentage of the task and displayed in the chart, and the dependencies of the subtasks should also be documented. Furthermore the start-date should be determined automatically based on these dependencies. To be able to create such a plan easily, a template was made by the German Native Language Community ( http://de. openoffice. org/ ) called pjm_template. ots. Illustration 12: Calc template pjm_template. ots The current version of Gantt. zip contains the example spreadsheet and the spreadsheet itself can be downloaded from http://documentation. openoffice. org/HOW_TO/spreadsheet/pjm_template. ots Note: This template uses macros and upon opening displays a security warning. Therefore, macros must be enabled to use the file. The file, created from the template, contains the following columns: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ â€Å"Info† – Information about the progress of the task â€Å"No. † – unique number of the task. It is recommended to count in intervals of 100, to be able to add tasks later on â€Å"Activity† – description of the task â€Å"Start† – start-date of the task â€Å"Duration† – planned or actual duration of the task in calendar days â€Å"End† – end-date of the task. This gets calculated based on the start-date and duration. â€Å"Progress† in percentage â€Å"Done† – Duration * progress â€Å"Undone† – expected time remaining: Duration – Done 11 Project-Management with Gantt-Charts Extending Gantt charting for Project Management †¢ â€Å"Predecessor† – List of tasks, which have to be completed, before this task can start. Separation is made by spaces. The column titles in the first row can be labeled freely, but the columns must not change their position. Some columns have a colored background: †¢ †¢ gray: these columns contain formulas, which are calculated automatically light blue: these columns can be edited manually, they can possibly be changed by the macro. It is recommended to use the last row for the end of the project. Thus new tasks, which are inserted above, are displayed in the chart automatically. About the macro The macro is named â€Å"update† and is written in OpenOffice. org BASIC. The way it works follows this sequence: ? ? Add duration and end-date, if they are missing For each row of the table 1. Where the task has not yet started (Progress ;= 0) Search for rows, whose number corresponds with the value in the column â€Å"Predecessor†. For those not familiar with project management terms, a predecessor is an activity that must be completed (or be partially completed) before a specified activity can begin. ( See http://www. apm. org. uk/page. asp? categoryID=4=29=0 for definitions. a) Determine latest possible end-date of these rows b) Set the successor start-date to this end-date ? ? Where the task is finished (Progress = 100%) 1. Determine duration from start-date and end-date Illustrate information of task ? The meaning of this list of steps is described later on in this document. The macro expects that the first row contains the headlines, the tasks sta rt in row 2 and the columns are in the same place as in the example. Additional columns (for comments or some other purpose) must be located at the end. Note: The maximum number of predecessors is limited to 9. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 2 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Example: Planning a relocation This section describes the process of relocating from one city to another city and is based upon the template, pjm_template. ots. The first step is to create a list with all subtasks: Illustration 13: List of subtasks In preparing the set of tasks, getting mail forwarded was missed. So we inserted the activity â€Å"Forwarding request† in row 8 after the fact. Therefore this activity has the number 650. Inserting a row does not automatically copy any formulae, thus all the formulae must be copied to each cell in the new row manually. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 13 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Next insert the start-date for the not-dependent tasks, as well as duration and expected enddate: Illustration 14: Insert start- and end-date House-hunting starts on 01/03 and should be finished by 31/08. For all the other tasks the duration is given. Now, define the dependencies of the tasks. The relocation (700) for example can not start before the new leasing contract is signed (400) and the relocation is organized (500). The tasks 300-9999 have no dependencies, thus there are no start-dates for these tasks. Illustration 15: Define dependencies Next insert the start-date for the not-dependent tasks, as well as duration and expected enddate: Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 14 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Illustration 16: Insert start- and end-date House-hunting starts on 01/03 and should be finished by 31/08. For all the other tasks the duration is given. Now define the dependencies of the tasks. For example, relocation (700) can not start before the new leasing contract is signed (400) and relocation is organized (500). The tasks 300-9999 have no dependencies, thus there are no start-dates for these tasks. Illustration 17: Define dependencies As 20% of house-hunting are already done, and the current apartment is already canceled, the progress is 20% and 100% respectively. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 15 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Illustration 18: Calculated duration At this point call the macro by clicking on the button â€Å"Update†. The duration and end-dates are calculated, and the column start is completed. Illustration 19: The appropriate chart The organization of the relocation, the registration at the office and the opening of an account can be done simultaneously. On the other hand the bank account can not be moved immediately, because the current apartment is not yet relocated. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 16 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Controlling the Project During any project, start by implementing several subtasks. To begin a subtask, insert the start date in the column â€Å"Start†. Set the progress to a value greater than zero (1% e. g. ), so that â€Å"Update† will no longer change this date. If a task is completed, insert the real End-date, delete the duration and set the progress to 100%. When calling â€Å"Update† the next time, the required duration will be calculated. After each change in the table,invoke the macro †Update† to update the table accordingly. The â€Å"Info† column shows the current status of the project: Illustration 20: Table during project-controlling House-hunting has begun and is on schedule according to the progress The apartment has already been canceled, the task is completed. Cancelling the bank’s order is due and not on schedule, this means, that the end-date is prior to the current date. All the other tasks are not due yet, they are not marked. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 17 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 8 Public Documentation License, Version 1. 0 Public Documentation License, Version 1. 0 1. 0 DEFINITIONS. 1. 1. â€Å"Commercial Use† means distribution or otherwise making the Documentation available to a third party. 1. 2. â€Å"Contributor† means a person or entity who creates or contributes to the creation of Modific ations. 1. 3. â€Å"Documentation† means the Original Documentation or Modifications or the combination of the Original Documentation and Modifications, in each case including portions thereof. 1. 4. â€Å"Electronic Distribution Mechanism† means a mechanism generally accepted for the electronic transfer of data. 1. 5. 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